Vitamin E inrceases the Risk of Prostate Cancer.

[Argirios Argiriou]

JAMA. 2011;306(14):1549-1556. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1437

Vitamin E and the Risk of Prostate Cancer.

The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)

    Eric A. Klein, MD;
    Ian M. Thompson, Jr, MD;
    Catherine M. Tangen, DrPH;
    John J. Crowley, PhD;
    M. Scott Lucia, MD;
    Phyllis J. Goodman, MS;
    Lori M. Minasian, MD;
    Leslie G. Ford, MD;
    Howard L. Parnes, MD;
    J. Michael Gaziano, MD, MPH;
    Daniel D. Karp, MD;
    Michael M. Lieber, MD;
    Philip J. Walther, MD, PhD;
    Laurence Klotz, MD;
    J. Kellogg Parsons, MD, MHS;
    Joseph L. Chin, MD;
    Amy K. Darke, MS;
    Scott M. Lippman, MD;
    Gary E. Goodman, MD;
    Frank L. Meyskens, Jr, MD;
    Laurence H. Baker, DO

• Author Affiliations

    Author Affiliations: Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Klein); Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (Dr Thompson); SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (Drs Tangen and Crowley and Mss Goodman and Darke); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Aurora (Dr Lucia); Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (Drs Minasian, Ford, and Parnes); Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, and the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Aging, Boston, Massachusetts (Dr Gaziano); Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center/University of Texas, Houston (Drs Karp and Lippman); Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (Dr Lieber); Department of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (Dr Walther); Department of Urology, Sunnybrook Medical Center, North York, Ontario, Canada (Dr Klotz); Department of Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (Dr Parsons); London Health Sciences Center, London, Surgical Oncology, Ontario, Canada (Dr Chin); Swedish Medical Center Cancer Institute, Medical Oncology, Seattle, Washington (Dr Goodman); University of California at Irvine, Department of Medicine, Orange (Dr Meyskens); and University of Michigan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Ann Arbor (Dr Baker). Dr Karp's previous affiliation was Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts.

    Corresponding Author: Eric A. Klein, MD, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Desk Q10-1, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195 (kleine@ccf.org).

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Abstract

Context The initial report of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) found no reduction in risk of prostate cancer with either selenium or vitamin E supplements but a statistically nonsignificant increase in prostate cancer risk with vitamin E. Longer follow-up and more prostate cancer events provide further insight into the relationship of vitamin E and prostate cancer.

Objective To determine the long-term effect of vitamin E and selenium on risk of prostate cancer in relatively healthy men.

Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 35 533 men from 427 study sites in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico were randomized between August 22, 2001, and June 24, 2004. Eligibility criteria included a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of 4.0 ng/mL or less, a digital rectal examination not suspicious for prostate cancer, and age 50 years or older for black men and 55 years or older for all others. The primary analysis included 34 887 men who were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: 8752 to receive selenium; 8737, vitamin E; 8702, both agents, and 8696, placebo. Analysis reflect the final data collected by the study sites on their participants through July 5, 2011.

Interventions Oral selenium (200 μg/d from L-selenomethionine) with matched vitamin E placebo, vitamin E (400 IU/d of all rac-α-tocopheryl acetate) with matched selenium placebo, both agents, or both matched placebos for a planned follow-up of a minimum of 7 and maximum of 12 years.

Main Outcome Measures Prostate cancer incidence.

Results This report includes 54 464 additional person-years of follow-up and 521 additional cases of prostate cancer since the primary report. Compared with the placebo (referent group) in which 529 men developed prostate cancer, 620 men in the vitamin E group developed prostate cancer (hazard ratio , 1.17; 99% CI, 1.004-1.36, P = .008); as did 575 in the selenium group (HR, 1.09; 99% CI, 0.93-1.27; P = .18), and 555 in the selenium plus vitamin E group (HR, 1.05; 99% CI, 0.89-1.22, P = .46). Compared with placebo, the absolute increase in risk of prostate cancer per 1000 person-years was 1.6 for vitamin E, 0.8 for selenium, and 0.4 for the combination.

Conclusion Dietary supplementation with vitamin E significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men.

Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00006392

    KEYWORDS:
    DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS,
    PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS,
    RISK FACTORS,
    SELENIUM,
    VITAMIN E.


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