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Κάπνισμα.
Loumakis:
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Εγγραφή ή ΕίσοδοςΕλευθεροτυπία, Πέμπτη 8 Δεκεμβρίου 2011.
Στην παρανομία και το ηλεκτρονικό τσιγάρο με νικοτίνη.
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links).
Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
--- Τέλος παράθεσης ---
Αργυρη το link που παραθετεις ειναι λανθασμενο. Το σωστο ειναι αυτό:
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Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Επισης σχετικό και το:
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Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Argirios Argiriou:
Tob Control 2012;21:30-38 doi:10.1136/tc.2010.042093
Research paper
Tobacco industry attempts to influence and use the German government to undermine the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Thilo Grüning1, Heide Weishaar2, Jeff Collin3, Anna B Gilmore1
+ Author Affiliations
1Tobacco Control Research Group, School for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
2Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
3Centre for International Public Health Policy, School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Correspondence to
Dr Thilo Grüning, Tobacco Control Research Group, School for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY; UK; t@gzzz.freeserve.co.uk
Abstract
Background Germany has been identified as one of a few high-income countries that opposed a strong Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the WHO's first global public health treaty. This paper examines whether the tobacco industry had influenced the German position on the FCTC.
Methods Analysis of previously confidential tobacco industry documents.
Results The tobacco industry has identified Germany as a key target within its global strategy against the FCTC. Building on an already supportive base, the industry appears to have successfully lobbied the German government, influencing Germany's position and argumentation on key aspects of the FCTC. It then used Germany in its efforts to weaken the FCTC. The evidence suggests that the industry enjoyed success in undermining the Federal Health Ministry's position and using Germany to limit the European Union negotiating mandate. The tactics used by the tobacco industry included the creation of controversy between the financial, trade and other ministries on one side and the health ministry on the other side, the use of business associations and other front groups to lobby on the industry's behalf and securing industry access to the FCTC negotiations via the International Standardization Organization.
Conclusion The evidence suggests that Germany played a major role in the tobacco industry's efforts to undermine the FCTC. Germany's position consistently served to protect industry interests and was used to influence and constrain other countries. Germany thus contributed significantly to attempts to weaken an international treaty and, in doing so, failed in its responsibility to advance global health.
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Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Denominator:
Παρακαλώ να μη θεωρηθεί διαφήμηση από τους διαχειριστές.
Denominator:
To YYKA διαπίστωσε ανεπάρκεια στην εφαρμογή της νομοθεσίας σχετικά με το κάπνισμα.
Argirios Argiriou:
The New Zealand Medical Journal. 19/12/2011, Vol 124, No 1347
Smoking outdoors at pubs and bars: is it a problem? An air quality study
Richard Edwards, Nick Wilson
[spoiler]The New Zealand Medical Journal. 19/12/2011, Vol 124, No 1347
Smoking outdoors at pubs and bars: is it a problem? An air quality study
Richard Edwards, Nick Wilson
Abstract
Aims
(i) To measure air quality in semi-enclosed outdoor smoking areas of pubs and bars in New Zealand. (ii) To evaluate evidence of drift of fine particulates of secondhand smoke (SHS) from semi-enclosed outdoor smoking areas to indoor (smoke-free) areas. (iii) To evaluate evidence that the degree of communication between the outdoor smoking area and indoor areas influences the level of particulates indoors.
Methods
We measured fine particulate levels (PM2.5) using portable real-time aerosol monitors in a convenience sample of seven pubs and bars in central Wellington City. This was on one to three occasions (12 measurements in total) over four different nights.
Results
On the first two nights, when there was no or infrequent communication between the outdoor and indoor areas, the mean level of PM2.5 varied from 32 to 109 ΅g/m3 in the outdoor smoking area, and from 14 to 79 ΅g/m3 in the adjacent indoor areas. On nights three and four, communicating doors were generally open most of the time. The mean level of PM2.5 varied from 29 to 192 ΅g/m3 in the smoking areas, from 36 to 117 ΅g/m3 in adjacent indoor areas, and from 23 to 104 ΅g/m3 in more distant indoor areas. Levels of PM2.5 in adjacent indoor areas were highest in pubs where communicating doors were open all the time (mean 117 ΅g/m3), intermediate where communicating doors were open intermittently (mean 85 ΅g/m3), and lowest when they were wholly or mainly closed (mean 25 ΅g/m3).
Conclusions
Air quality in semi-enclosed outdoor smoking areas was variable, and in some pubs was very poor. Where free communication exists between outdoor smoking areas and indoor areas, SHS drift can often greatly reduce indoor air quality throughout the pub or bar. Regulations to restrict the degree of communication and proximity of smoking areas to indoor areas may be justified to maintain indoor air quality and to protect health, particularly that of workers.[/spoiler]
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