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Κάπνισμα.
Argirios Argiriou:
Published online before print November 19, 2012
Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study
[spoiler]Antonio Agudo⇓,
Catalina Bonet,
Noémie Travier,
Carlos A. González,
Paolo Vineis,
H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita,
Dimitrios Trichopoulos,
Paolo Boffetta,
Françoise Clavel-Chapelon,
Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault,
Rudolf Kaaks,
Annekatrin Lukanova,
Madlen Schütze,
Heiner Boeing,
Anne Tjonneland,
Jytte Halkjaer,
Kim Overvad,
Christina C. Dahm,
J. Ramon Quirós,
María-José Sánchez,
Nerea Larrañaga,
Carmen Navarro,
Eva Ardanaz,
Kay-Tee Khaw,
Nicholas J. Wareham,
Timothy J. Key,
Naomi E. Allen,
Antonia Trichopoulou,
Pagona Lagiou,
Domenico Palli,
Sabina Sieri,
Rosario Tumino,
Salvatore Panico,
Hendriek Boshuizen,
Frederike L. Büchner,
Petra H.M. Peeters,
Signe Borgquist,
Martin Almquist,
Göran Hallmans,
Ingegerd Johansson,
Inger T. Gram,
Eiliv Lund,
Elisabete Weiderpass,
Isabelle Romieu and
Elio Riboli
+ Author Affiliations
Antonio Agudo, Catalina Bonet, Noémie Travier, Carlos A. González, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; J. Ramon Quirós, Public Health and Planning Directorate, Asturias; María-José Sánchez, Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada; María-José Sánchez, Nerea Larrañaga, Carmen Navarro, Eva Ardanaz, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid; Nerea Larrañaga, Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian; Carmen Navarro, Regional Health Authority, Murcia; Eva Ardanaz, Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain; Paolo Vineis, Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Torino; Domenico Palli, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, Florence; Sabina Sieri, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan; Rosario Tumino, Civile – M.P. Arezzo Hospital, Ragusa; Salvatore Panico, Federico II University, Naples, Italy; Paolo Vineis, Elio Riboli, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London; Kay-Tee Khaw, University of Cambridge; Nicholas J. Wareham, MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge; Timothy J. Key, Naomi E. Allen, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Hendriek Boshuizen, Frederike L. Büchner, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita, Petra H.M. Peeters, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Pagona Lagiou, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Paolo Boffetta, Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY; Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens; Antonia Trichopoulou, Pagona Lagiou, WHO Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, University of Athens Medical School; Antonia Trichopoulou, Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece; Paolo Boffetta, International Prevention Research Institute; Isabelle Romieu, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon; Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut Gustave Roussy; Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault, Paris South University, Villejuif, France; Rudolf Kaaks, Annekatrin Lukanova, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg; Madlen Schütze, Heiner Boeing, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Anne Tjonneland, Jytte Halkjaer, Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Copenhagen; Kim Overvad, Christina C. Dahm, Aarhus University, Arhus, Denmark; Signe Borgquist, Martin Almquist, Lund University, Lund; Göran Hallmans, Ingegerd Johansson, Umeå University, Umeå; Elisabete Weiderpass, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Inger T. Gram, Eiliv Lund, Elisabete Weiderpass, Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso; Elisabete Weiderpass, The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway; Elisabete Weiderpass, Samfundet Folkhälsan, Helsinki, Finland.
Corresponding author: Antonio Agudo, MD, MSc, PhD, Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Av. Gran Via 199-203, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; e-mail: a.agudo@iconcologia.net.
Abstract
Purpose Our aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking on the risk of the tumors classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as causally associated with smoking, referred to as tobacco-related cancers (TRC).
Methods The study population included 441,211 participants (133,018 men and 308,193 women) from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. We investigated 14,563 participants who developed a TRC during an average follow-up of 11 years. The impact of smoking cigarettes on cancer risk was assessed by the population attributable fraction (AFp), calculated using the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CI for current and former smokers, plus either the prevalence of smoking among cancer cases or estimates from surveys in representative samples of the population in each country.
Results The proportion of all TRC attributable to cigarette smoking was 34.9% (95% CI, 32.5 to 37.4) using the smoking prevalence among cases and 36.2% (95% CI, 33.7 to 38.6) using the smoking prevalence from the population. The AFp were above 80% for cancers of the lung and larynx, between 20% and 50% for most respiratory and digestive cancers and tumors from the lower urinary tract, and below 20% for the remaining TRC.
Conclusion Using data on cancer incidence for 2008 and our AFp estimates, about 270,000 new cancer diagnoses per year can be considered attributable to cigarette smoking in the eight European countries with available data for both men and women (Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Sweden, Denmark).
Received December 14, 2011.
Accepted September 18, 2012. [/spoiler]
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Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Argirios Argiriou:
The Guardian, 02/12/2012
Cigarette plain packaging laws come into force in Australia
Smoking warnings and diseased body parts emblazoned on dull green boxes that are the same for all tobacco brands
[spoiler]Australia's world-first laws on cigarette and tobacco plain packaging have come into force, replacing brand logos and colours with generic drab olive green coverings, gruesome pictures of diseased body parts and depictions of children and babies made ill by their parents' smoking.
Apart from the varying health warnings and images the only difference between the packs, mandatory from Saturday, are the brand names, and these are all printed in identical small font. It is the world's most strict regime for the packaging of tobacco.
Plain packaging for cigarettes and tobacco has come into force in Australia. Photograph: AFP/Getty/Australian government
Australia's federal government says the aim is to deter young people from smoking by stripping the habit of glamour. It is relying on studies showing that if people have not started smoking by age 26 there is a 99% chance they will never take it up.
"Even from a very early age you can see that kids understand the message that the tobacco company is trying to sell through their branding," said the federal health minister, Tanya Plibersek, citing studies that showed, for example, children linking a crown in a logo with the idea of being a princess.
While Australia has one of the world's lowest smoking rates and the changes will have little impact on multinationals' profits, other countries are considering similar steps.
The tobacco industry lobbied hard against the laws. Tobacco firms said they would boost black market trade, leading to cheaper, more accessible cigarettes. "There will be serious unintended consequences from the legislation," said Scott McIntyre of British American Tobacco Australia. "Counterfeiters from China and Indonesia will bring lots more of these products down to sell on the streets of Australia."
Others say the laws have boosted their business. Sandra Ha of Zico Import Pty Ltd, a small family business, said demand for cigarette cases, silicon covers to mask the unpalatable packages, had shot up from almost nothing two months ago since British American Tobacco, Britain's Imperial Tobacco, Philip Morris and Japan Tobacco lost a challenge to the laws in Australia's high court.
Ha said Zico had sold up to 6,000 to wholesale outlets and was awaiting new stock. "This is good business for us."
The potential hitch, experts say, is the popularity of social media with the very demographic the plan is targeting. After a series of Australian laws banning TV advertising and sports sponsorship and requiring most sellers to hide cigarettes from view, tobacco marketing has moved online. Australia has banned web advertising by local companies and sites but cannot restrict overseas sites. "If you are a tobacco marketer and you've only got this small window left to promote your products, online is the compelling place for you to be in," said Becky Freeman, a public health researcher at Sydney University.
Freeman noted an increase in "average Joe" reviews of brands on social media sites such as YouTube, Twitter and Facebook. "We have to ask, is that just a private citizen who really loves Marlboro cigarettes and they've gone to the trouble of making a video, or is there a marketing company involved?"
British American Tobacco Australia said the industry was focused on dealing with the new rules rather than marketing.
The industry has gone as far as paying for Ukraine, Honduras and the Dominican Republic to challenge the new rules – the countries are claiming at the World Trade Organisation that trade is being unfairly restricted, despite none of the countries having significant trade with Australia. A WTO ruling is likely in mid-2013.
Plibersek said the government had held discussions with other countries considering similar laws on packaging.
Canada was the first country to make photograph warnings mandatory in 2001. They now extend to more than 40 countries including Brazil, Turkey and Ukraine. Tougher laws are being considered in Britain, New Zealand, South Africa and India.
Many smokers in Australia remain defiant. "The pictures don't affect me. I just ignore them. You just grab a smoke and put it away," said Victor El Hage as he purchased a pack with a photograph of a mouth tumour. "Honestly, there's only one reason I'd stop, and that's my little girl."
James Yu, who runs the King of the Pack tobacconist in central Sydney, said the uniform packaging made it harder to stack his shelves "It used to take me an hour to unload a delivery, now it takes me four hours," Yu said. "The government should have just banned them altogether and then we'd go OK, fine, we're done, we'll shut up shop," he said, throwing his hands up in the air.[/spoiler]
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Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Argirios Argiriou:
Οι γυναίκες που καπνίζουν σε όλη την ενήλική ζωή τους ζούνε τουλάχιστον 10 χρόνια λιγότερο.
The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 27 October 2012
The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK.
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Interpretation
Among UK women, two-thirds of all deaths of smokers in their 50s, 60s, and 70s are caused by smoking; smokers lose at least 10 years of lifespan. Although the hazards of smoking until age 40 years and then stopping are substantial, the hazards of continuing are ten times greater. Stopping before age 40 years (and preferably well before age 40 years) avoids more than 90% of the excess mortality caused by continuing smoking; stopping before age 30 years avoids more than 97% of it.
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Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Argirios Argiriou:
Health Daily, 04-01-2013.
ΚΟΨΙΜΟ ΚΑΠΝΙΣΜΑΤΟΣ:
ΜΕΙΩΝΕΙ ΤΟ ΑΓΧΟΣ
Σε µείωση του άγχους οδηγεί το κόψιµο
του καπνίσµατος, σύµφωνα µε έρευνα που
δηµοσιεύεται στη Βρετανική Επιθεώρηση
Ψυχιατρικής. Στο πλαίσιο της εν λόγω
έρευνας µελετήθηκε η συµπεριφορά 500
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της Εθνικής Υπηρεσίας Υγείας στην Αγγλία.
Στους 68 που κατάφεραν να κόψουν το
κάπνισµα µετρήθηκαν «σηµαντικά µειωµένα»
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συµπεράσµατα φάνηκαν εντονότερα σε
ανθρώπους που προηγουµένως αντιµετώπιζαν
σοβαρές διαταραχές άγχους και διάθεσης
Δεν είναι ορατοί οι σύνδεσμοι (links).
Εγγραφή ή Είσοδος
Argirios Argiriou:
Health Daily, 04-01-2013.
ΚΟΨΙΜΟ ΚΑΠΝΙΣΜΑΤΟΣ:
ΜΕΙΩΝΕΙ ΤΟ ΑΓΧΟΣ
Σε µείωση του άγχους οδηγεί το κόψιµο
του καπνίσµατος, σύµφωνα µε έρευνα που
δηµοσιεύεται στη Βρετανική Επιθεώρηση
Ψυχιατρικής. Στο πλαίσιο της εν λόγω
έρευνας µελετήθηκε η συµπεριφορά 500
καπνιστών που ακολούθησαν προγράµµατα
της Εθνικής Υπηρεσίας Υγείας στην Αγγλία.
Στους 68 που κατάφεραν να κόψουν το
κάπνισµα µετρήθηκαν «σηµαντικά µειωµένα»
επίπεδα στρες. Παράλληλα, τα συγκεκριµένα
συµπεράσµατα φάνηκαν εντονότερα σε
ανθρώπους που προηγουµένως αντιµετώπιζαν
σοβαρές διαταραχές άγχους και διάθεσης
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